焦爐尾氣余熱發電是緩解環境污染、資源緊張以及創造經濟效益的有效途徑。通過余熱發電理論、技術和經濟效益3個方面對焦爐尾氣余熱發電可行性進行深入探討。引言能源是國民經濟發展的物質基礎和原動力。近年來，能源緊缺日漸成為制約經濟發展的關鍵因素，并且化石燃料的大量燃燒造成嚴重的環境污染和溫室效應。以前被忽略的焦爐煤氣、垃圾填埋氣、煤層氣等可燃氣體越來越受到人們的重視。合理充分利用這些可燃性資源不僅可以有效緩解能源緊張問題，同時也有利于減輕環境污染問題。1、尾氣余熱發電的理論可行性1.1焦爐尾氣生產與利用現狀我國是世界上焦炭生產最大的國家，每年估計大約有2億t優質煤炭用于生產焦炭。在煉焦生產出焦炭和焦油產品的同時會產生大量的高溫煙氣，即焦爐尾氣。焦爐尾氣余熱發電是指將這些多余煙氣的熱量轉化為電能的技術。其中，用于發電的余熱主要有高溫煙氣余熱、低溫余熱、冷卻介質余熱、化學反應余熱以及廢氣、廢液余熱等七種。余熱發電的關鍵設備是余熱鍋爐和發電機組，余熱鍋爐可利用可燃質或廢液、廢氣等工質中的余熱作熱源，生產蒸汽用于發電。根據相關調查顯示，焦爐尾氣的余熱總資源約占煤炭消耗總量的17％～67％，可利用的余熱約占余熱總量的60％。合理有效利用焦爐尾氣是提高能源利用率，減輕環境污染的一個重要舉措。目前，國內對于焦爐尾氣余熱回收利用的途徑很多，主要包括綜合利用、直接利用以及余熱發電利用。直接利用是指將余熱應用于空調暖通或作為動力源等，利用率相對較高，但限于暖通空調季節變化較大或用量較小等特點，以及作為動力用要求相對穩定的負荷的特點，直接利用的方式具有一定的局限性。隨著我國對節能減排的支持，對能源的重視以及余熱發電技術的日益成熟，余熱發電所帶來的經濟和社會效益越來越受到企業的重視，利用焦爐尾氣生產高品質電能逐漸成為余熱利用的趨勢，有利于提高資源利用率，緩解供電緊張。1.2焦爐尾氣余熱發電的方式電能是一種使用靈活且方便的高級能。對于焦爐尾氣的高溫余熱，采用余熱發電的回收利用方式更符合能及匹配原則。而對于焦爐尾氣的低溫度余熱，在沒有熱用戶的情況下，可以選擇的回收方式則是將余熱轉化為電能后再加以利用。焦爐尾氣的余熱發電一般有三種方式：一是首先利用余熱鍋爐產生蒸汽，再通過蒸汽輪機或燃氣輪機等發電機組，按背壓式循環或凝汽式機組循環發電。二是采用氟利昂等低沸點工質回收低、中溫余熱，在透平中將產生的氟利昂蒸氣等按朗肯循環膨脹做功，帶動發電機組發電。三是對于焦爐尾氣的高溫余熱，將其作為燃氣輪機工質的熱源，經加熱、加壓等方式推動燃氣輪機做功，在帶動燃氣輪機做功的同時，帶動發電機組發電。1.3焦爐尾氣發電的特點焦爐尾氣余熱發電的特點主要表現在五個方面：一是建設期短，一般4臺500kW的內燃機發電機建設成總裝機容量為2000kW的燃氣發電站，建設期為20d左右。二是可以實現焦化廠的雙回路供電，利用焦爐尾氣余熱發電，能夠改善焦化廠的供電條件，尤其是供電緊張的焦化廠，可以在外界供電緊張的情況下，保持正常的運行。三是有利于保護環境，焦爐尾氣余熱的主要成分是氫氣、甲烷、一氧化碳等，焦爐尾氣余熱發電可以變廢為寶，減少燃燒排空造成的空氣污染，對環境保護具有非常積極的意義。四是方便搬遷，燃氣發電機組的體積小，能夠方便移動。五是電站規模范圍廣，發電機組各種功率規格齊全，品種多，焦化廠可根據焦爐尾氣的量選擇電站規模。2、尾氣余熱發電的技術可行性2.1焦爐尾氣余熱發電工藝焦爐尾氣余熱發電工藝主要包括尾氣回收及循環系統、余熱鍋爐系統、發電機及汽輪機系統三部分。尾氣回收系統主要由煙氣引導管、煙囪、煙筒遮斷閥和煙氣的流量控制閥組成，其主要功能是將帶冷機煙罩內溫度比較高的煙氣經余熱鍋爐引風機產生的額負壓引到余熱鍋爐內，同時避免鍋爐外的冷風進入鍋爐內。余熱鍋爐系統是余熱回收的核心部分，其主要功能是在余熱鍋爐受熱面上，熱量經高溫煙氣逐級傳遞到受熱面上，生成水蒸氣。發電機及汽輪機發電系統的主要作用是將蒸汽攜帶的熱量轉化為電能，最終實現將焦爐尾氣的余熱轉化為電能。其中，汽輪發電機組在運行過程中會產生大量的熱量，這些熱量可通過尾氣換熱器和熱交換器由循環冷卻液導出，循環冷卻液可通過板式換熱器加熱外供循環水，對外提供熱量。循環冷卻水在板式換熱器的進口溫度為90℃，出口溫度為70℃，通過循環冷卻水與外供循環水換熱，可以將外供水的溫度加熱到80℃以上，滿足冬季供暖和洗浴等要求。有條件的單位可以將發電機組的余熱再利用，提供生活生產用蒸汽、熱水以及帶動中央空調，通過電熱綜合利用方式，焦爐尾氣余熱的利用效率可達到70％～85％。2.2焦爐尾氣余熱發電的設備選用余熱鍋爐和發電機組的選擇是焦爐尾氣余熱發電系統的關鍵設備。其中，余熱鍋爐一般選擇立式余熱鍋爐，其可以徹底解決臥式鍋爐內溫度場實際分布與鍋爐設計溫度不相符以及漏風等問題，大大提高鍋爐蒸汽產量，廢氣余熱可以得到充分利用。發電機組的選擇一般包括內燃機式發電機組、燃氣輪機發電機組以及傳統的蒸汽輪機發電機組。小型焦化企業可以采用單機容量較小的燃氣，一般用于10～20萬t以下的焦化企業；中型焦化企業的焦爐煤氣發電可選用單機容量稍大的；大型焦化企業的煤氣發電可以選用傳統鍋爐一蒸汽輪機發電機組。3、焦爐尾氣余熱發電的經濟可行性以裝機總容量為3200kW的發電站為例(選擇8臺500GB—RJ)進行分析。3.1主要設備技術指標單臺機組功率：400kW機組數量：8臺總裝機容量：3200kW發電電壓：0.4kV發電功率因數：0.9

　　Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation is an effective way to alleviate environmental pollution, resource scarcity, and create economic benefits. Conduct in-depth exploration on the feasibility of coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation from three aspects: theory, technology, and economic benefits. Introduction: Energy is the material foundation and driving force for the development of the national economy. In recent years, energy scarcity has become a key factor restricting economic development, and the large-scale combustion of fossil fuels has caused serious environmental pollution and greenhouse effect. Previously overlooked combustible gases such as coke oven gas, landfill gas, and coalbed methane are receiving increasing attention from people. Reasonably and fully utilizing these combustible resources can not only effectively alleviate energy shortages, but also help alleviate environmental pollution problems. 1. Theoretical feasibility of tail gas waste heat power generation 1.1 Current situation of coke oven tail gas production and utilization China is the country with the largest coke production in the world, with an estimated 200 million tons of high-quality coal used for coke production every year. At the same time as coking produces coke and tar products, a large amount of high-temperature flue gas, namely coke oven tail gas, is generated. Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation refers to the technology of converting the excess heat of these flue gases into electrical energy. Among them, the waste heat used for power generation mainly includes seven types: high-temperature flue gas waste heat, low-temperature waste heat, cooling medium waste heat, chemical reaction waste heat, and waste gas and waste liquid waste heat. The key equipment for waste heat power generation is the waste heat boiler and generator set. The waste heat boiler can use the waste heat from combustible materials or working fluids such as waste liquid and exhaust gas as a heat source to produce steam for power generation. According to relevant surveys, the total waste heat resources of coke oven exhaust gas account for about 17% to 67% of the total coal consumption, and the available waste heat accounts for about 60% of the total waste heat. Reasonable and effective utilization of coke oven exhaust gas is an important measure to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. At present, there are many ways to recover and utilize the waste heat from coke oven tail gas in China, mainly including comprehensive utilization, direct utilization, and waste heat power generation utilization. Direct utilization refers to the use of waste heat for air conditioning, heating and ventilation, or as a power source, with a relatively high utilization rate. However, due to the characteristics of large seasonal variations or small usage in HVAC, as well as the requirement for relatively stable loads as power, direct utilization has certain limitations. With China's support for energy conservation and emission reduction, emphasis on energy, and the increasing maturity of waste heat power generation technology, the economic and social benefits brought by waste heat power generation are receiving more and more attention from enterprises. The use of coke oven tail gas to produce high-quality electricity has gradually become a trend in waste heat utilization, which is conducive to improving resource utilization efficiency and alleviating power supply shortages. 1.2 The method of using residual heat from coke oven exhaust gas to generate electricity is a flexible and convenient advanced energy source. For the high-temperature waste heat of coke oven tail gas, the recycling and utilization method of waste heat power generation is more in line with the principle of energy and matching. For the low-temperature waste heat of coke oven tail gas, in the absence of heat users, the alternative recovery method is to convert the waste heat into electrical energy and then reuse it. There are generally three ways to generate electricity from the waste heat of coke oven exhaust gas: firstly, steam is generated by a waste heat boiler, and then electricity is generated by a back pressure cycle or condensing unit cycle through a steam turbine or gas turbine generator set. The second is to use low boiling point refrigerants such as Freon to recover low and medium temperature waste heat, and to expand the generated Freon vapor in the turbine according to the Rankine cycle to do work, driving the generator set to generate electricity. The third is to use the high-temperature waste heat from coke oven exhaust gas as a heat source for gas turbine working fluid, and to drive the gas turbine to do work through heating, pressurization, and other methods. While driving the gas turbine to do work, it also drives the generator set to generate electricity. 1.3 Characteristics of Coke Oven Tail Gas Power Generation The characteristics of coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation are mainly manifested in five aspects: firstly, the construction period is short. Generally, four 500kW internal combustion engine generators are built into a gas power station with a total installed capacity of 2000kW, and the construction period is about 20 days. The second is to achieve dual circuit power supply for coking plants, utilizing the waste heat of coke oven tail gas to generate electricity, which can improve the power supply conditions of coking plants, especially for those with tight power supply, and can maintain normal operation under external power supply constraints. Thirdly, it is beneficial for protecting the environment. The main components of coke oven tail gas waste heat are hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, etc. Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation can turn waste into treasure, reduce air pollution caused by combustion and exhaust, and have a very positive significance for environmental protection. Fourthly, it is convenient for relocation. The gas generator set has a small volume and can be easily moved. Fifthly, the power station has a wide range of scales, with various power specifications and varieties of generator sets. Coking plants can choose the power station scale according to the amount of coke oven tail gas. 2. Technical feasibility of tail gas waste heat power generation 2.1 Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation process The coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation process mainly includes three parts: tail gas recovery and circulation system, waste heat boiler system, generator and turbine system. The exhaust gas recovery system mainly consists of a flue gas guide pipe, chimney, chimney shut-off valve, and a flow control valve for the flue gas. Its main function is to guide the flue gas with relatively high temperature inside the cooling hood into the waste heat boiler through the negative pressure generated by the induced draft fan of the waste heat boiler, while avoiding cold air from outside the boiler from entering the boiler. The waste heat boiler system is the core part of waste heat recovery, and its main function is to transfer heat to the heating surface of the waste heat boiler step by step through high-temperature flue gas, generating water vapor. The main function of the generator and turbine power generation system is to convert the heat carried by steam into electrical energy, ultimately achieving the conversion of waste heat from coke oven exhaust into electrical energy. Among them, the steam turbine generator unit generates a large amount of heat during operation, which can be exported from the circulating coolant through the exhaust gas heat exchanger and heat exchanger. The circulating coolant can be heated by the plate heat exchanger to provide external circulating water and heat. The inlet temperature of the circulating cooling water in the plate heat exchanger is 90 ℃, and the outlet temperature is 70 ℃. By exchanging heat with the externally supplied circulating water, the temperature of the externally supplied water can be heated to above 80 ℃, meeting the requirements of winter heating and bathing. Conditional units can reuse the waste heat from the generator set, provide steam and hot water for daily life and production, and drive central air conditioning. Through the comprehensive utilization of electric and heat, the utilization efficiency of coke oven tail gas waste heat can reach 70% to 85%. The selection of equipment for coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation and the selection of waste heat boilers and generator sets are key equipment for coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation systems. Among them, vertical waste heat boilers are generally selected as waste heat boilers, which can completely solve the problems of temperature distribution in horizontal boilers not matching the design temperature of the boiler and air leakage, greatly improving the steam production of the boiler and fully utilizing the waste heat of exhaust gas. The selection of generator sets generally includes internal combustion engine generator sets, gas turbine generator sets, and traditional steam turbine generator sets. Small coking enterprises can use gas with smaller unit capacity, generally used for coking enterprises with less than 100000 to 200000 tons; Medium sized coking enterprises can choose coke oven gas power generation with slightly larger unit capacity; Large coking enterprises can use traditional boiler steam turbine generator sets for gas power generation. 3. The economic feasibility of coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation is analyzed using a power station with a total installed capacity of 3200kW (selecting 8 units of 500GB-RJ) as an example. 3.1 Main equipment technical indicators Single unit power: 400kW Number of units: 8 Total installed capacity: 3200kW Power generation voltage: 0.4kV Power generation factor: 0.9

　　3.2投資概算投資概算見表13.3燃氣發電經濟性1)年運行成本。在穩定運行狀態下，燃氣發電機組功率按裝機總容量的70％計算，即實際運行功率為2240kW，年發電時間按8000h計算，年發電量為1.792×107kwh。年運行費用包括人員工資與福利、材料及維修費、機油消耗、折舊費等，按測算，年總運行成本為561.05萬元。2)年發電收益。電價按0.5(kW)計算，每年發電收益為896萬元。3)經濟性分析。年收益=年發電收益一年運行成本，即年收益為334.95萬元。投資回收期=投資概算／年收益，即投資回報期為1.74年。4、結語焦爐尾氣余熱發電是我國實施節能減排戰略的一項重要舉措。利用焦爐尾氣余熱發電，不僅可以緩解地區用電緊張問題以及焦爐尾氣排空造成的環境污染問題，還可以為企業生產提供可靠電源，將剩余電能上網外供，給企業帶來經濟效益。總之，焦爐尾氣余熱發電技術對于我國社會經濟的發展具有積極的意義。

　　3.2 Investment Estimate The investment estimate is shown in Table 13.3 Gas Power Generation Economy 1) Annual Operating Costs. In a stable operating state, the power of the gas generator set is calculated at 70% of the total installed capacity, which means the actual operating power is 2240kW. The annual power generation time is calculated at 8000h, and the annual power generation is 1.792 × 107kWh. The annual operating expenses include personnel salaries and benefits, material and maintenance costs, oil consumption, depreciation costs, etc. According to calculations, the total annual operating cost is 5.6105 million yuan. 2) Annual power generation revenue. The electricity price is calculated at 0.5 (kW), and the annual power generation revenue is 8.96 million yuan. 3) Economic analysis. Annual revenue=Annual power generation revenue and annual operating cost, which means the annual revenue is 3.3495 million yuan. Investment payback period=investment estimate/annual return, which means the investment return period is 1.74 years. 4. Conclusion: Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation is an important measure for China to implement energy-saving and emission reduction strategies. Utilizing the waste heat of coke oven exhaust gas for power generation can not only alleviate the problem of regional electricity shortage and environmental pollution caused by coke oven exhaust gas discharge, but also provide reliable power for enterprise production, supply surplus electricity to the grid and bring economic benefits to enterprises. In short, the technology of coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation has positive significance for the development of China's social economy.

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