秸稈熱解氣化技術(shù)是近年來發(fā)展的一項較新的秸稈利用技術(shù)，即將秸稈轉(zhuǎn)化為氣體燃料的熱化學過程。秸稈在氣化反應(yīng)器中氧氣不足的條件下發(fā)生部分燃燒，以提供氣化吸熱反應(yīng)所需的熱量，使秸稈在700—850℃左右的氣化溫度下發(fā)生熱解氣化反應(yīng)，轉(zhuǎn)化為含H2、CO和低分子烴類的可燃氣體。秸稈熱解氣化得到的可燃氣體既可以直接作為鍋爐燃料供熱，又可以經(jīng)過除塵、除焦、冷卻等凈化處理后，為燃氣用戶集中供氣，或者驅(qū)動燃氣輪發(fā)電機或燃氣內(nèi)燃發(fā)電機發(fā)電。

　　The pyrolysis gasification technology of straw is a relatively new straw utilization technology developed in recent years, which involves the thermochemical process of converting straw into gas fuel. Under the condition of insufficient oxygen in the gasification reactor, straw undergoes partial combustion to provide the heat required for the endothermic gasification reaction. The straw undergoes pyrolysis gasification reaction at a gasification temperature of around 700-850 ℃, converting into combustible gases containing H2, CO, and low molecular hydrocarbons. The combustible gas obtained from the pyrolysis and gasification of straw can be directly used as boiler fuel for heating, or purified through dust removal, coke removal, cooling, etc., to provide centralized gas supply for gas users, or to drive gas turbine generators or gas internal combustion generators for power generation.

　　（一）國內(nèi)外技術(shù)研發(fā)現(xiàn)狀

　　（1） Current status of domestic and international technology research and development

　　1.國外技術(shù)研發(fā)現(xiàn)狀

　　1. Current situation of foreign technology research and development

　　國外生物質(zhì)氣化技術(shù)研究主要集中在氣化發(fā)電、合成甲醇以及熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)等方面。美國及歐洲等發(fā)達國家農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)以農(nóng)場為主，生物質(zhì)資源集中，合同收購額大，并且由于其森林覆蓋率高，生物質(zhì)資源多為木材以及林業(yè)加工廢棄物，其生物質(zhì)氣化朝著規(guī)模化、自動化、集成化方向發(fā)展，但采取的工藝復(fù)雜，造價昂貴。目前應(yīng)用的主要有生物質(zhì)氣化聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電（B／IGCC）以及熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)（CHP）等，發(fā)電效率和綜合熱效率都較高。歐美發(fā)達國家對生物質(zhì)氣化技術(shù)也進行了多年的研究，主要將其用于發(fā)電，B／IGCC是應(yīng)用比較廣泛的生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電技術(shù)。目前國際上有很多發(fā)達國家開展這方面研究并建成多個兆瓦級示范工程，如美國Battelle（63兆瓦）和夏威夷（6兆瓦）項目，歐洲英國（8兆瓦）、芬蘭（6兆瓦）以及瑞典Varnamo示范工程等。這些示范工程的原料以木材和經(jīng)過預(yù)處理成型后的生物質(zhì)原料為主。采用IGCC技術(shù)的生物質(zhì)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)主要問題是系統(tǒng)造價高。以意大利12兆瓦的IGCC示范項目為例，發(fā)電效率約為31.7％，但建設(shè)成本高達25 000元／千瓦，發(fā)電成本約1.2元／千瓦時，實用性很差。近年來，發(fā)達國家也研究了其他技術(shù)路線，如比利時和奧地利的生物質(zhì)氣化外燃式燃氣輪機發(fā)電技術(shù)，美國的斯特林發(fā)動機發(fā)電技術(shù)，在提高發(fā)電效率的前提下降低生產(chǎn)成本，但技術(shù)仍未成熟，成本依然很高，尚處于示范階段。

　　The research on biomass gasification technology abroad mainly focuses on gasification power generation, methanol synthesis, and cogeneration. Agricultural production in developed countries such as the United States and Europe is mainly based on farms, with concentrated biomass resources and large contract acquisition amounts. Due to their high forest coverage, biomass resources are mostly wood and forestry processing waste. Biomass gasification is developing towards scale, automation, and integration, but the adopted processes are complex and expensive. At present, the main applications include biomass gasification combined cycle power generation (B/IGCC) and combined heat and power (CHP), which have high power generation efficiency and comprehensive thermal efficiency. Developed countries in Europe and America have also conducted years of research on biomass gasification technology, mainly using it for power generation. B/IGCC is a widely used biomass gasification power generation technology. At present, many developed countries internationally are conducting research in this area and have built multiple megawatt level demonstration projects, such as the Battelle (63 MW) and Hawaii (6 MW) projects in the United States, the United Kingdom (8 MW) and Finland (6 MW) in Europe, and the Varnamo demonstration project in Sweden. The raw materials for these demonstration projects are mainly wood and biomass materials that have been pre treated and formed. The main problem with biomass power generation systems using IGCC technology is the high system cost. Taking the 12 MW IGCC demonstration project in Italy as an example, the power generation efficiency is about 31.7%, but the construction cost is as high as 25000 yuan/kW, and the power generation cost is about 1.2 yuan/kWh, which has poor practicality. In recent years, developed countries have also studied other technological routes, such as the biomass gasification external combustion gas turbine power generation technology in Belgium and Austria, and the Stirling engine power generation technology in the United States, which can reduce production costs while improving power generation efficiency. However, the technology is still immature and the cost is still high, and it is still in the demonstration stage.

　　西方國家對基于固定床的生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電系統(tǒng)也進行了研究，但低密度生物質(zhì)的固定床氣化發(fā)電面臨著許多技術(shù)難題。目前，意大利AnticheTerreToscana和芬蘭技術(shù)研究中心正在進行低密度生物質(zhì)固定床氣化技術(shù)的研究，并且已經(jīng)被列入歐盟的JOULE／THERMIE計劃中。在熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)方面，瑞典、丹麥等北歐國家已成功實施了生物質(zhì)氣化的區(qū)域熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)計劃，使生物質(zhì)在提供高品位電能的同時滿足供熱的要求。瑞典的地區(qū)供熱和熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)，生物質(zhì)能源占到所消耗能源的26％；奧地利建立了燃燒木材剩余物的區(qū)域供電、供熱系統(tǒng)，目前已有容量為1～2兆瓦的區(qū)域供熱站近100個。

　　Western countries have also conducted research on biomass gasification power generation systems based on fixed beds, but the fixed bed gasification power generation of low-density biomass faces many technical challenges. At present, Antiche Terre Toscan from Italy and the Technical Research Center of Finland are conducting research on low-density biomass fixed bed gasification technology, which has been included in the EU's JOULE/THERMIE program. In terms of cogeneration, Nordic countries such as Sweden and Denmark have successfully implemented regional cogeneration plans for biomass gasification, enabling biomass to provide high-grade electricity while meeting heating requirements. Regional heating and cogeneration in Sweden, with biomass energy accounting for 26% of energy consumption; Austria has established a regional power and heating system for burning wood residues, and currently has nearly 100 regional heating stations with a capacity of 1-2 megawatts.

　　2.我國技術(shù)研發(fā)現(xiàn)狀

　　2. Current situation of technology research and development in China

　　我國目前生物質(zhì)氣化應(yīng)用最廣泛的領(lǐng)域是集中供氣以及中小型氣化發(fā)電，少量用于工業(yè)鍋爐供熱。農(nóng)村集中供氣工程解決了農(nóng)作物秸稈的焚燒和炊事用能問題，而生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電主要針對具有大量生物質(zhì)廢棄物的木材加工廠、碾米廠等工業(yè)企業(yè)。我國的秸稈氣化主要用于供熱、供氣、發(fā)電及化學品合成。

　　The most widely used areas of biomass gasification in China are centralized gas supply and small and medium-sized gasification power generation, with a small amount used for industrial boiler heating. The rural centralized gas supply project solves the problems of burning crop straw and cooking energy, while biomass gasification power generation mainly targets industrial enterprises such as wood processing plants and rice mills that have a large amount of biomass waste. The gasification of straw in China is mainly used for heating, gas supply, power generation, and chemical synthesis.

　　（1）秸稈氣化供熱。秸稈氣化供熱是指秸稈經(jīng)過氣化爐氣化后，生成的燃氣送人下一級燃燒器中燃燒，為終端用戶提供熱能。秸稈氣化供熱技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用于區(qū)域供熱和木材、谷物等農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品的烘干等，與常規(guī)木材烘干技術(shù)相比具有升溫快、火力強、干燥質(zhì)量好的優(yōu)點，并能縮短烘干周期，降低成本。

　　(1) Straw gasification for heating. Straw gasification heating refers to the process where straw is gasified in a gasifier and the resulting gas is sent to the next stage burner for combustion, providing thermal energy to end users. The straw gasification heating technology is widely used for regional heating and drying of agricultural and sideline products such as wood and grains. Compared with conventional wood drying technology, it has the advantages of fast heating, strong firepower, good drying quality, and can shorten the drying cycle and reduce costs.

　　（2）秸稈氣化供氣。秸稈氣化供氣是指氣化爐產(chǎn)生的生物質(zhì)燃氣通過相應(yīng)的配套設(shè)備為居民提供炊事用氣。秸稈氣化供氣又分為集中供氣和單獨供氣兩種類型。

　　(2) Gasification of straw for gas supply. Straw gasification gas supply refers to the use of biomass gas generated by a gasifier to provide cooking gas for residents through corresponding supporting equipment. Straw gasification gas supply is divided into two types: centralized gas supply and individual gas supply.

　　①秸稈氣化集中供氣。生物質(zhì)氣化集中供氣系統(tǒng)是20世紀90年代以來在我國發(fā)展起來的一項新的生物質(zhì)能源利用技術(shù)。它是在農(nóng)村的一個村或組建立一個生物質(zhì)氣化站，將生物質(zhì)經(jīng)氣化爐氣化后轉(zhuǎn)變成燃氣，通過輸氣管網(wǎng)輸送和分配到用戶，系統(tǒng)規(guī)模一般為數(shù)十戶至數(shù)百戶。目前，我國已廣泛推廣利用生物質(zhì)氣化技術(shù)建設(shè)集中供氣系統(tǒng)，以滿足農(nóng)村居民炊事和采暖用氣。

　　① Centralized gas supply through straw gasification. The biomass gasification centralized gas supply system is a new biomass energy utilization technology developed in China since the 1990s. It is a biomass gasification station established in a rural village or group, which converts biomass into gas after gasification in a gasifier, and distributes it to users through a gas pipeline network. The system scale is generally tens to hundreds of households. At present, China has widely promoted the use of biomass gasification technology to build centralized gas supply systems to meet the gas needs of rural residents for cooking and heating.

　　在秸稈氣化集中供氣系統(tǒng)中，氣化爐的選用是根據(jù)不同的用氣規(guī)模來確定的，如果供氣戶數(shù)較少，選用固定床氣化爐；如果供氣戶數(shù)多（一般多于1 000戶），則使用流化床氣化爐更好。秸稈燃氣的爐具與普通的城市煤氣爐具有所區(qū)別，國內(nèi)此類爐具的生產(chǎn)廠家也較多，效果也較好，可以滿足用戶要求。

　　In the centralized gas supply system for straw gasification, the selection of gasifier is determined based on different gas consumption scales. If the number of gas supply households is small, a fixed bed gasifier is selected; If there are many gas supply households (generally more than 1000 households), it is better to use a fluidized bed gasifier. The straw gas stove is different from ordinary urban gas stoves, and there are also many manufacturers of such stoves in China with good results, which can meet the requirements of users.

　　②戶用秸稈氣化供氣。該種方式為一家一戶的農(nóng)村居民使用，戶用小型秸稈氣化爐，產(chǎn)生的燃氣直接接人爐灶使用，系統(tǒng)具有體積小、投資少的優(yōu)點。但也有顯著的缺點：由于氣化爐與灶直接相連，生物質(zhì)燃氣未得到任何凈化處理，因而灶具上連接管及氣化爐都有焦油滲出，衛(wèi)生很差，且易堵塞連接管及灶具；因氣化爐較小，氣化條件不易控制，產(chǎn)出氣體中可燃氣成分質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)，并且不連續(xù)，影響燃用，甚至有安全問題；從點火至產(chǎn)氣需要有一定的啟動時間，增加了勞動時間，而且該段時間內(nèi)煙氣排放也是個問題。

　　② Household straw gasification for gas supply. This method is used by rural residents on a household by household basis, using a small straw gasifier to directly connect the generated gas to the stove. The system has the advantages of small size and low investment. But there are also significant drawbacks: due to the direct connection between the gasifier and the stove, the biomass gas has not been purified, resulting in tar leakage from the connecting pipes and gasifier on the stove, poor hygiene, and easy blockage of the connecting pipes and stove; Due to the small size of the gasifier and difficult control of gasification conditions, the quality of combustible gas components in the produced gas is unstable and discontinuous, which affects combustion and even poses safety issues; There is a certain start-up time required from ignition to gas production, which increases labor time, and smoke emissions during this period are also a problem.

　　③秸稈氣化發(fā)電。我國在生物質(zhì)氣化方面有一定的基礎(chǔ)。早在20世紀60年代初就開展了這方面的研究工作，近20年來加快了生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電技術(shù)的進一步研究，開發(fā)的中小規(guī)模氣化發(fā)電系統(tǒng)具有投資少、原料適應(yīng)性和規(guī)模靈活性好等特點，已研制成功的中小型生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電設(shè)備功率從幾千瓦到5 000千瓦。

　　③ Straw gasification for power generation. China has a certain foundation in biomass gasification. Research in this area was carried out as early as the early 1960s, and in the past 20 years, further research on biomass gasification power generation technology has been accelerated. The developed small and medium-sized gasification power generation systems have the characteristics of low investment, good raw material adaptability, and scale flexibility. The power of successfully developed small and medium-sized biomass gasification power generation equipment ranges from several kilowatts to 5000 kilowatts.

　　氣化爐的結(jié)構(gòu)有層式下吸式、開心式、下吸式和常壓循環(huán)流化床氣化爐等，采用單燃料氣體內(nèi)燃機和雙燃料內(nèi)燃機，單機最大功率已達500千瓦。

　　The structure of gasification furnaces includes layered down suction, open core, down suction, and atmospheric circulating fluidized bed gasification furnaces. Single fuel gas internal combustion engines and dual fuel internal combustion engines are used, and the maximum power of a single unit has reached 500 kilowatts.

　　農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物氣化發(fā)電技術(shù)經(jīng)過近年來的研究、探索，分別解決了流化床氣化、焦油裂解、低熱值燃氣機組改造、焦油污水處理和系統(tǒng)控制及優(yōu)化等各種核心技術(shù)，在技術(shù)的產(chǎn)品化和標準化研究、提高農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物氣化發(fā)電站的成套性和實用性方面取得較大進展，形成了具有我國特色的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物能源利用方式。我國的生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電正在向產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模化方向發(fā)展，在國內(nèi)推廣很快，而且設(shè)備還出口到泰國、緬甸、老撾等東南亞國家和地區(qū)。目前已簽訂的中小型農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物氣化發(fā)電項目總裝機容量40兆瓦以上，成為國際上應(yīng)用最多的中小型生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。

　　Through research and exploration in recent years, the technology of agricultural waste gasification power generation has solved various core technologies such as fluidized bed gasification, tar cracking, low calorific value gas turbine transformation, tar wastewater treatment, and system control and optimization. Significant progress has been made in the productization and standardization of technology, as well as in improving the completeness and practicality of agricultural waste gasification power plants, forming a unique energy utilization method for agricultural waste in China. China's biomass gasification power generation is developing towards industrial scale and is rapidly being promoted domestically. The equipment is also exported to Southeast Asian countries and regions such as Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos. At present, the total installed capacity of small and medium-sized agricultural waste gasification power generation projects that have been signed is over 40 megawatts, making it the most widely used small and medium-sized biomass gasification power generation system internationally.

　　我國的生物質(zhì)IGCC示范系統(tǒng)正在建設(shè)之中，裝機容量為4～6兆瓦。該技術(shù)與國外先進的同類技術(shù)相當，而設(shè)備已全部實現(xiàn)國產(chǎn)化，投資不到國外的2／3，運行成本比國外低50％左右。而目前已有應(yīng)用的秸稈直燃發(fā)電要求生物質(zhì)資源集中，數(shù)量巨大，在大規(guī)模利用下才有明顯的經(jīng)濟效益。以前我國該技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)展較少，國內(nèi)近期開始從發(fā)達國家引進該技術(shù)，但項目投資成本高，進口技術(shù)的投資成本在1.1萬元／千瓦以上，是我國氣化發(fā)電的1.5倍以上。

　　The biomass IGCC demonstration system in China is currently under construction, with an installed capacity of 4-6 megawatts. This technology is comparable to advanced similar technologies abroad, and all equipment has been localized, with investment less than 2/3 of foreign counterparts and operating costs about 50% lower than foreign counterparts. At present, the straw direct combustion power generation that has been applied requires the concentration and huge quantity of biomass resources, and significant economic benefits can only be achieved through large-scale utilization. Previously, the application and development of this technology in China was relatively limited. Recently, China has started to introduce this technology from developed countries, but the project investment cost is high. The investment cost of imported technology is over 11000 yuan/kilowatt, which is more than 1.5 times that of gasification power generation in China.

　　④秸稈氣化合成化學品。目前，通過使用催化劑將CO和H2合成為甲醇、二甲醚的技術(shù)已經(jīng)比較成熟，生物質(zhì)氣化得到的氣體中含有CO和H2成分，所以，在一定條件下用生物質(zhì)氣化得到的氣體作為合成氣原料生產(chǎn)甲醇、二甲醚，為運輸業(yè)提供代用燃料是可行的，而且這已成為目前研究的重點。美國國家可再生能源實驗室正研究用此法合成甲醇，目標是使合成的甲醇成本低于車用汽油。我國在利用生物質(zhì)氣化合成氣制甲醇、二甲醚方面也進行了探索性實驗研究。

　　④ Chemical synthesis by gasification of straw. At present, the technology of synthesizing CO and H2 into methanol and dimethyl ether through the use of catalysts is relatively mature. The gas obtained from biomass gasification contains CO and H2 components. Therefore, under certain conditions, it is feasible to use the gas obtained from biomass gasification as a raw material for the production of methanol and dimethyl ether, providing alternative fuels for the transportation industry, and this has become the focus of current research. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the United States is researching the synthesis of methanol using this method, with the goal of making the cost of synthesized methanol lower than that of automotive gasoline. China has also conducted exploratory experimental research on the use of biomass gasification synthesis gas to produce methanol and dimethyl ether.

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